Effect of Helminth Infections on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccines: A Classical Review
Vicky Gent,
Simeon Mogaka
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2018
Pages:
113-117
Received:
3 November 2018
Accepted:
20 November 2018
Published:
21 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.11
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Abstract: Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, where these infections are endemic. This is often due to the host’s inability to mount an effective protective immune response once receiving the vaccine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that elimination of the helminth infections, with the use of antihelminthic treatment, would improve recipients’ immune responses to vaccines. These helminth infections such as Ascariasis, hookworm and schistosomiasis are rampant in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This remains a major health concern as helminth infections, especially those that remain untreated, would reduce efficacy of vaccines thus posing a serious risk of increased infections leading to outbreaks in these areas. The effects helminths have on the immune responses elicited by vaccines still remain unclear as relatively little information is available. This could be due to lack of controlled experiments involving animal models, especially the Non-human primates. This review compiles information from a number of peer reviewed articles and aims to explain the host-parasite interaction, the immune response generated and summarizes how helminth infections affects the immune responses of various vaccines. This may provide a greater understanding of the strategies helminths use to evade the immune system which in turn affect the immune responses elicited by vaccines.
Abstract: Vaccines are responsible for the reduced cases of mortality caused by infections worldwide. However a number of studies have shown that helminth infections have strong immune modulatory effects. Due to this, they have been considered as one of the contributing causes of lowered immune responses induced by vaccines observed in developing areas, wher...
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Morphological Characterization of Fungal Leaf Spot Diseases of Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) and in Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Antagonists on Its Mycelial Growth
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2018
Pages:
118-126
Received:
16 November 2018
Accepted:
6 December 2018
Published:
15 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.12
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Abstract: The incidence of fungal leaf spot diseases on mango (Mangifera indica) in Oda Bultum University Mango farm and application of fungicide and a biological control measure was investigated. In addition microbial biocontrol and fungicide control against C. gloeosporioides developed for mangoes has been less reported in Ethiopia. Common mango disease control mechanisms in Ethiopia are utilization of pesticides. However, pesticides are overused and misused. As a result there is an urgent need to reduce the use of synthetic chemicals. Biological control offers an alternative to the use of pesticides. Invitro evaluation and testing of T. harzianum showed maximum mycelial growth inhibition (74.4% and 73.5%) on C. gloeosporioides isolates 1 and 3 respectively. The minimum percent of mycelial growth inhibition (71.5%) of T. harzianum was observed on isolate 1. Pseudomonas fluorescens showed maximum mycelial growth inhibition on isolate 2 (74.1%), followed by isolate 1 (70.4%). Least percent of mycelial growth inhibition by P. fluorescens was observed on isolate 3 (69%). B. subtilis showed maximum mycelial growth inhibition on isolate 3 (56.1%), followed by isolate 1 (51.5%). Least percent of mycelial growth inhibition by B. subtilis was observed on isolate 2 (48.6%). In vitro evaluation of fungicides against the three isolated test pathogen revealed that at 1000 PPM, all fungicides showed highest percentage inhibition (72.8% to 90.14%). The highest percentage inhibition was observed at the concentration of1000 PPM on isolates 2 (90.14%) and 3 (88.13%) and the lowest percentage inhibition was observed at the concentration of 200 PPM on isolates 1 (71.46%) and 3 (77.18%). The highest percentage mycelial growth inhibition by Sancozeb 80% WP on the isolates was 90.14% at a concentration of 1000PPM, whereas the lowest percentage mycelia growth inhibition of 83.06% was recorded at 200PPM. The highest percentage mycelial growth inhibition by Ridomil on the isolates was (83.16%) at 1000 PPM and the lowest percentage mycelial growth inhibition was recorded on isolate 1 (72.83%) at 200 PPM. Among the two fungicides Sancozeb was the most effective fungicide to inhibit the growth of the isolates with 87.98-90.14% inhibition.
Abstract: The incidence of fungal leaf spot diseases on mango (Mangifera indica) in Oda Bultum University Mango farm and application of fungicide and a biological control measure was investigated. In addition microbial biocontrol and fungicide control against C. gloeosporioides developed for mangoes has been less reported in Ethiopia. Common mango disease co...
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The Effect of Murine Herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) Related Growth Factor 68 (MHGF-68) on the Tumor Progression in Athymic Nude Mice
Miroslava Šupolíková,
Martina Labudová,
Eva Nováková,
Andrea Vojs Staňová,
Vladimír Šišovský,
František Golais
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2018
Pages:
127-131
Received:
19 November 2018
Accepted:
11 December 2018
Published:
15 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbls.20180606.13
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Abstract: In this study the effect of MHV-68 related growth factor 68 (MHGF-68) on initiation and progression of tumor growth using fractions in various stages of purification and treated with various chemical methods was demonstrated. The biological sample in the form of culture medium of BHK-21 cells infected with Murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) was fractionated using conventional chemical procedures (dilution by deionized water and physiological solution pH 7.2, centrifugation and extraction with n-butanol and chloroform) and different chromatographic techniques. All obtained fractions were tested for biological activity. In the experiments were used 4 weeks old athymic nude mice, subcutaneously infected with the suspension of tumor Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Within 8 days post administration tumor proliferation was observed. Subsequently intravenously administered MHGF-68 fractions 1B1 and 1D2 with the antiproliferative effect were tested in vivo to see their inhibitory activity on the initiation or progression of tumor growth in mice. Tumors in experimental mice treated with MHGF-68 fractions exhibited decreased growth of tumors in comparison to control mice. These data show that tumor xenografts were suppressed after treatment with 1B1 and 1D2 fractions of MHGF-68. Taken together, the promising potential of MHGF-68 in modulating tumor growth could be used as a foundation for development of novel cancer treatment measures with antiproliferative effects.
Abstract: In this study the effect of MHV-68 related growth factor 68 (MHGF-68) on initiation and progression of tumor growth using fractions in various stages of purification and treated with various chemical methods was demonstrated. The biological sample in the form of culture medium of BHK-21 cells infected with Murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) was fractio...
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