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Comparison Between Microscopic and Rapid Test Assay in the Detection of Malaria Parasite Infection in Patient Attending Some Hospitals in Sokoto Nigeria
Garba Ibrahim,
Umar Asiya Imam,
Ganau Ahmed Mohammed,
Raji Mudasiru Iyanda Omowale,
Fana Sani Abdullahi,
Shinkafi Sa’adatu Aliyu,
Kazeem Ademola
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
64-68
Received:
18 March 2020
Accepted:
14 April 2020
Published:
9 June 2020
Abstract: Malaria is a serious public health problem, this study was aimed at comparing Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostics test in malaria parasite detection in patients in some hospitals in Sokoto, Nigeria. Blood Samples were collected by venipuncture and dispensed into EDTA bottle. Thick blood films were made by adding few drops of anticoagulated blood on a clean glass slides and emulsifying to coin size using a spreader and allowed to air-dry and stained with 10% Geimsa stain for 10 minutes, allowed to air-dry and examined using ×100 objective to confirm the presence of malaria parasites. Of the 100 patients screened, 37% and 24% were positive for malaria using Carestart and SD-Bioline, while 53% were malaria positive by microscopy. Prevalence of malaria parasite by sex was 53.6% and 52.3% in females and males. Malaria prevalence by age was highest among patients aged 11-20, while the lowest prevalence was observed in patients aged 51-60 years. Based on occupation, the prevalence of malaria was highest among unemployed patients 58.5%, followed by 22.6% prevalence of malaria among business men and women. No significant difference was observed in malaria infection by sex, age and occupations P<0.05. The sensitivity and specificity of Carestart and SD-Bioline screening kits were 54.7% and 82.6%, 34.6 and 87.2%. The predictive positive value of Carestart was 78.4% while its negative predictive value was 61.3% in contrast to SD-Bioline with 75% and 54.7% as the positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Rapid diagnostic test are suitable alternatives to microscopy particularly in resources limited rural areas.
Abstract: Malaria is a serious public health problem, this study was aimed at comparing Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostics test in malaria parasite detection in patients in some hospitals in Sokoto, Nigeria. Blood Samples were collected by venipuncture and dispensed into EDTA bottle. Thick blood films were made by adding few drops of anticoagulated blood on a ...
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Identification of Blood Meal of Sand Flies in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Endemic Area, Volta Region-Ghana
Edna Dzifa Doe,
Godwin Kwakye-Nuako,
Alexander Egyir-Yawson
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
69-75
Received:
28 May 2020
Accepted:
10 June 2020
Published:
20 June 2020
Abstract: Background: Vector incrimination is of utmost importance in the transmission of Leishmania species identified in the Volta region of Ghana. The feeding preference of sand flies provides valuable information about the vector-host interactions, including reservoir host. Objective: The main aim of this study was to identify the blood meal in collected sand flies and its source from three villages in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in the Ho Municipality. Method: Sand flies was collected using CDC light straps and sticky paper traps from Lume Atsiame, Dodome Dogblome and Dodome Awuiasu. They were morphologically identified by taxonomic keys. DNA was extracted from the individual sand flies using the potassium acetate extraction method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of cytochrome b gene (cyt b) fragment was carried out and subsequently DNA sequenced. Results: Of a total of three hundred and sixty-three (363) female sand flies that were analysed, eighty-four (84) representing 23.14% were positive for blood meal presence with an amplified DNA of the expected size, 359bp. Out of the number that was sequenced, the cyt b sequencing revealed that four (4) blood fed females fed on bloodmeal from human (Homo sapiens) and house mouse (Mus musculus). Conclusion: The blood meal presence was more predominant in Sergentomyia ghesquierei and least in Sergentomyia schwetzi. This may aid in the development of effective strategies to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in the endemic areas.
Abstract: Background: Vector incrimination is of utmost importance in the transmission of Leishmania species identified in the Volta region of Ghana. The feeding preference of sand flies provides valuable information about the vector-host interactions, including reservoir host. Objective: The main aim of this study was to identify the blood meal in collected...
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A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Bangladesh Is Fighting Against It
Umme Shahera,
Nahida Sultana,
Mahbuba Sharmin,
Jayanta Malakar,
Muhammad Rashedul Islam,
Kazi Mohammed Zafrul Haq
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
76-82
Received:
29 May 2020
Accepted:
10 June 2020
Published:
6 July 2020
Abstract: A large number of patient developed pneumonia of unknown cause in the capital city Wuhan of Hubei province in China during the month of Dec 2019, with clinical presentations greatly resembling viral pneumonia while some rapidly progressed to severe illness and fatal outcome. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and WHO officially named the disease COVID-19. World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30 declared the outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern due to rapid global spread. On 11 February 2020, WHO announced that "COVID-19" (meaning coronavirus disease-2019) will be the official name of the disease. This report reviews the genetic structure, infection source, transmission route, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment and prevention of the SARS-CoV-2, so that it can provide references for follow-up research, prevention and treatment, and may help readers to have the latest understanding of this new infectious disease. Information have been gathered mainly from relevant researches and papers that were published recently. For this narrative review, more than 49 relevant scientific articles and reports were considered from various databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct) using keywords such as SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; corona virus; pneumonia; respiratory infection. The results from this review show that the situation is rapidly evolving, as human-to-human transmission is occurring, and the number of new cases and mortalities is increasing by the day and on a global level. There is still ambiguity about mutation risks and how the virus spreads as the source was not yet identified. Major gaps in knowledge about the origin of the virus, epidemiology and transmission impose a great challenge, which emphasizes the need for further studies in the future. There are neither vaccines nor effective treatments for the disease caused by the virus, but efforts are typically confined to symptomatic and supportive management. Antiviral and corticosteroids were used in severe illness but had no effective outcome.
Abstract: A large number of patient developed pneumonia of unknown cause in the capital city Wuhan of Hubei province in China during the month of Dec 2019, with clinical presentations greatly resembling viral pneumonia while some rapidly progressed to severe illness and fatal outcome. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named the virus seve...
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Research on the Mechanism of T Cell Subsets and Cytokines in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Jing Feng,
Zhaoxin Mu,
Xinsheng Li,
Zhenjiang Hou
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
83-90
Received:
28 May 2020
Published:
23 July 2020
Abstract: As being one of the most common diseases in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease. It is mostly related to genetics, infection, and excessive iodine, but the exact pathogenesis has not yet clear. As one of the most important immune cells, T cells play an important role in the human immune. Helper T cells (Th) and regulatory T cells (Treg) are two important subgroups of T cells. The former include Th1, Th2, Th17 and other cells. HT patients is mainly characterized by expressing Th1 cytokines. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 ratio can induce abnormal immune response, which is closely related to the incidence of HT. Th17/Treg cells are mutually restricted in differentiation and mutually antagonistic in function. IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells directly promotes the inflammatory response of thyroid tissue and accelerates the damage of thyroid tissue. Abnormal Treg cell function cannot effectively inhibit the occurrence of autoimmune reactions and promote immune tolerance. Th17/Treg constitute a relatively independent group of cell networks except Th1/Th2. Under normal circumstances, Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells maintain a dynamic balance. However, once unbalanced, they will lead to immune dysfunction and participate in the development of HT. This article reviews the mechanisms of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells and their cytokines in the pathogenesis of HT.
Abstract: As being one of the most common diseases in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease. It is mostly related to genetics, infection, and excessive iodine, but the exact pathogenesis has not yet clear. As one of the most important immune cells, T cells play an important role in the human i...
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Clinico-Pathological Study of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Asadur Rahman,
Kamrul Hasan Tarafder,
MA Matin,
Khorsed Alam
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
91-96
Received:
15 June 2020
Accepted:
13 July 2020
Published:
4 August 2020
Abstract: Introduction: Anigo-fibroma is vascular swelling arising in the nasopharynx of prepubertal and adolescent males and exhibiting strong tendency to bleed, also termed as nasopharyngeal fibroma or a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. It accounts for less than 0.5% of all head & neck tumour. It occurs almost exclusively in adolescent male, though rarely found in children and elderly young. It is a rare <1% of head and neck tumors benign mesenchymal neoplasm composed of a vascular proliferation within a cellular, densely collagenizedstroma, typically originating in the nasopharynx, affecting adolescent males. It occurs most often in male adolescents with an average age at diagnosis of 14-16 years. Anyway, there are very few studies, regarding Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in Bangladrsh and there is not much national data about this issue. Hence, the researcher purposively a total of 30 patients of juvenile nasophryngeal angiofibroma (JNA) included in this study from ENT department of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to find out the common mode of clinical presentation with their site of extension and different surgical approaches adopted for them. Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of otolaryngology and head, neck surgery of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh, which is the 2nd generation tertiary level medical service institution during the period from Jan 2017 to Dec 2019. All data were analyzed by using simple statistical data analyzed tools. Result: Almost all the present with recurrent epistaxis 28 (93.33%), following by nasal obstruction 26 (86.66%), nasal discharge 25 (83.33%), facial swelling 10 (33.33%), protrusion of the eyeball 4 (13.33%), aural symptoms 3 (10%) and head-ache 2 (6.66%). Majority of our patient presented with multiple symptoms. Analysis of the finding showed that 100% had nasopharyngeal mass, nasal mass 86.66% palatal bulging 66.66%, swelling of the cheek 33.33%, proptosis 13.33% and headache with blurring of vision 6.66%, these are obtained after thorough clinical examination both local and general. Extension of the tumour assessed on the basis C scan, MRI, as well as observation on the operation showed, nasal cavity 100% and into the pterygopalantine fossa 40%, infratemporal fossa 33.33%, orbit 13.33%, oropharynx 10% maxillary antrum 6.66%, sphenoid sinus 3.33%, ethmoidal sinus 3.33% and 6.66% infra oranial extension. Regarding treatment surgical resection was the most common principal mode of treatment offered to the 93.33% patient but radiotherapy given in 6.66% patient. Conclusion: All young males of this study with nasal obstruction or nose bleed (or both) should be suspected of having juvenile angiofibroma. Angiography to find out feeding vessel to do pre-operative embolization is helpful for surgery. This together with hypotensive anaesthesia and operated by a skilled surgeon having sound knowledge about nasopharynx can lessen the haemorrhage, thereby reduce the mortality and morbidity.
Abstract: Introduction: Anigo-fibroma is vascular swelling arising in the nasopharynx of prepubertal and adolescent males and exhibiting strong tendency to bleed, also termed as nasopharyngeal fibroma or a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. It accounts for less than 0.5% of all head & neck tumour. It occurs almost exclusively in adolescent male, though rarely foun...
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Potentials of Encapsulated Flavonoids in Biologics: A Review
Mahesh Dattatraya Dere,
Ayesha Alim Khan
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
97-113
Received:
9 July 2020
Accepted:
25 July 2020
Published:
25 August 2020
Abstract: Flavonoids are a versatile class of natural polyphenolic compounds that represent secondary metabolites from higher plants. Their basic structures consists of fifteen-carbon skeleton consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) linked via a heterocyclic pyrane ring (C) to produce a series of subclass compounds such as flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols or catechins and anthocyanins. Their biological activities are dependent on the structure, chemical nature and degree of hydroxylation, substitutions, conjugation and degree of polymerization. A brief description of flavonoids, its source and classification have been described. Although flavonoids are integral in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal, cosmetic and other applications their bioavailability to the target tissues and cells are restricted due to poor water solubility and enzymatic degradation. To increase effectiveness, currently encapsulation of the drug candidate in biological material that are able to enhance the potential health benefits by increasing the water solubility and targeted delivery are being achieved. Biodegradable natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic material/ polymers approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the preparation of nanodrugs as well as the applied encapsulation technique are discussed that prevent against oxidation, isomerization and degradation of the flavanoids. The aim of this review is to identify specific flavonoids that exhibit increased pharmacological and biological efficiencies on encapsulation. Thus, these potential drugs may help in preventing many chronic diseases and lead to future research directions.
Abstract: Flavonoids are a versatile class of natural polyphenolic compounds that represent secondary metabolites from higher plants. Their basic structures consists of fifteen-carbon skeleton consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) linked via a heterocyclic pyrane ring (C) to produce a series of subclass compounds such as flavones, flavonols, flavanones, ...
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The Relationship Between Thyroid Function and T Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Rongqin Dai,
Jinbiao Zhang,
Wei Li,
Xiangxing Lu,
Wenyan Tian
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
114-118
Received:
16 July 2020
Published:
25 August 2020
Abstract: Objective: To assess the relationship between thyroid function and T lymphocyte subsets in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Method: To select 131 diagnosed HT patients as the research object, which is divided into HT hyperthyroidism group (Group A) with 18 cases, normal HT thyroid function group (Group B) with 35 cases, HT subclinical hypothyroidism group (Group C) with 42 cases, and HT hypothyroidism group (Group D) with 36 cases in accordance with thyroid function. Besides, 40 cases of healthy check-up people are selected as the control group. ECLIA is adopted to test the thyroid function index of each group, and FCM is adopted to test T lymphocyte subsets. Result: Compare CD3+T lymphocytes of each group, Group D is obviously higher than Group A, Group B, and the control group, and the difference has statistic significance (P<0.05); Compare CD3+CD4+T lymphocyte and CD4+/CD8+ of each group, Group D is obviously higher than other groups, Group C is obviously higher than Group A, Group B, and the control group, Group A and Group B are obviously higher than the control group, and the differences have statistic significance (P<0.05); Compare CD3+CD8+T lymphocytes of each group, Group D is obviously lower than other groups, Group C is obviously lower than Group A, Group B, and the control group, the difference has statistic significance (P<0.05). The correlation analysis shows that TSH is in positive correlation with CD4+/CD8+, FT3 is in positive correlation with CD3+CD8+T, and FT4 is in positive correlation with CD3+CD8+T and in negative correlation with CD4+/CD8+. Conclusion: HT patients have the imbalance of T lymphocyte subsets, and the T lymphocyte subsets ratio of HT patients of different thyroid function has obvious differences, which may have close relationship with the occurrence and development of HT.
Abstract: Objective: To assess the relationship between thyroid function and T lymphocyte subsets in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Method: To select 131 diagnosed HT patients as the research object, which is divided into HT hyperthyroidism group (Group A) with 18 cases, normal HT thyroid function group (Group B) with 35 cases, HT subclinical hypothy...
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Expression of Integrin-linked Kinase in Gastric Cancer and Its Relationship with Clinicopathological Characteristics
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2020
Pages:
119-125
Received:
16 July 2020
Published:
25 August 2020
Abstract: Objective: To explore the value of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, its mechanism of action in the pathogenesis and its influence on tumor metastasis. Methods: Collect 100 cases of gastric cancer diagnosed pathologically, detect the positive expression of ILK, and analyze its biological characteristics. Results: The positive rate of ILK in gastric cancer tissue (57.0%) is significantly higher than that in the control group (12%), and the positive rate of ILK gradually increased with the progress of superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis with atypical hyperplasia and gastric cancer. The differences between the four groups are statistically significant. There is a significant difference in the positive rate of ILK among well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated, poorly-differentiated and undifferentiated adenocarcinomas (P<0.001). The positive rate (25%) of ILK in the uninvaded serosal layer (T1+T2) is significantly lower than the positive rate (75.0%) in the invaded serosal layer (T3+T4). There is a significant difference in the positive rate of ILK in stage I, II, III and IV (P<0.001). In the localized type (I+II), the positive rate of ILK (24.39%) is significantly lower than that of the invasive type (III+IV) (79.66%). The positive rate of ILK in patients without lymph node metastasis (30.23%) is significantly lower than that of patients with lymph node metastasis (77.19%). Conclusion: The positive rate of ILK in gastric cancer tissue is significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. The higher the positive rate, the worse the prognosis. ILK is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients.
Abstract: Objective: To explore the value of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, its mechanism of action in the pathogenesis and its influence on tumor metastasis. Methods: Collect 100 cases of gastric cancer diagnosed pathologically, detect the positive expression of ILK, and analyze its biological characteristics. Results: The ...
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